Periodontal Inflammatory Conditions Among Gutka-Chewers and Non-Chewers With and Without Prediabetes.
Background: It is known that gutka-chewing jeopardizes periodontal health; however, severity of periodontal inflammation in gutka-chewers with and without prediabetes remains unknown. The aim was to investigate the association of periodontal inflammatory conditions with gutka-chewing and pre-diabetes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the effect of gutka use on periodontal health was investigated among 44 individuals with prediabetes and 44 without prediabetes. Demographic information regarding age, sex, duration of prediabetes and gutka-chewing habits was collected using a questionnaire. Periodontal inflammatory conditions (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], marginal bone loss [MBL]), and fasting blood glucose levels (FBGL) were recorded. Group differences in periodontal inflammatory parameters were tested using univariate and multivariable analyses (alpha ≤ 5%). Results: Periodontal inflammatory parameters (PI, BOP, and PD) were significantly higher in prediabetic subjects irrespective of the gutka-chewing habit (p<0.05). Odds of periodontal inflammation in prediabetic individuals were 9 times higher compared to healthy controls (95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 3.4-23.6). Gutka chewing alone, chewing among prediabetics and chewing among healthy controls did not statistically significantly increase the odds of periodontal inflammatory conditions. Prediabetics were statistically significantly more likely to have periodontal inflammation as compared to non-prediabetics even after controlling for sex and gutka-chewing (OR=13.2; 95% CI = 4.3 - 40.7). Conclusions: In medically-healthy individuals, periodontal inflammatory conditions are worse in gutka-chewers as compared to non-chewers; whereas in patients with prediabetes, the severity of periodontal inflammation is governed by hyperglycemia as opposed to habitual gutka usage.
Background: It is known that gutka-chewing jeopardizes periodontal health; however, severity of periodontal inflammation in gutka-chewers with and without prediabetes remains unknown. The aim was to investigate the association of periodontal inflammatory conditions with gutka-chewing and pre-diabetes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the effect of gutka use on periodontal health was investigated among 44 individuals with prediabetes and 44 without prediabetes. Demographic information regarding age, sex, duration of prediabetes and gutka-chewing habits was collected using a questionnaire. Periodontal inflammatory conditions (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], marginal bone loss [MBL]), and fasting blood glucose levels (FBGL) were recorded. Group differences in periodontal inflammatory parameters were tested using univariate and multivariable analyses (alpha ≤ 5%). Results: Periodontal inflammatory parameters (PI, BOP, and PD) were significantly higher in prediabetic subjects irrespective of the gutka-chewing habit (p<0.05). Odds of periodontal inflammation in prediabetic individuals were 9 times higher compared to healthy controls (95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 3.4-23.6). Gutka chewing alone, chewing among prediabetics and chewing among healthy controls did not statistically significantly increase the odds of periodontal inflammatory conditions. Prediabetics were statistically significantly more likely to have periodontal inflammation as compared to non-prediabetics even after controlling for sex and gutka-chewing (OR=13.2; 95% CI = 4.3 - 40.7). Conclusions: In medically-healthy individuals, periodontal inflammatory conditions are worse in gutka-chewers as compared to non-chewers; whereas in patients with prediabetes, the severity of periodontal inflammation is governed by hyperglycemia as opposed to habitual gutka usage.
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